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chain boat
A chain boat,〔National Geographic Society (1937). ''The National Geographic Magazine'', Jan-Jun 1937, pp. xxi and 552.〕〔John MacGregor (1867). ''The voyage alone in the yawl "Rob Roy": from London to Paris, and back etc.'', London: Maranda merrill, Son and Marston, pp. 97-99.〕 chain tug or chain-ship〔Roger Pilkington (1969). ''Small boat to Northern Germany'', Macmillan, pp. 90, 91 and 95.〕 was a type of river craft, used in the second half of the 19th century and first half of the 20th century on many European rivers, that made use of a steel chain laid along the riverbed for its propulsion.〔〔(''Kettenschifffahrt'' definition in ''Schifffahrts-Lexikon'' ), by J. Friedrichson, p. 149. Retrieved 1 Mar 2014.〕〔Willi Zimmermann: ''Über Seil und Kettenschiffahrt'', Beiträge zur Rheinkunde 1979, Rheinmuseum Koblenz ((digitalized version by Peter Haas ); pdf; 5.9 MB)〕 The chain was hauled by a steam engine mounted on board and enabled the boat to tow a string of barges.〔〔〔MacGregor (1867), p. 97-98 states "The power of this chain-boat is so great that it will pull along, and that too against the rapid stream, a whole string of barges, several of them of 300 tons' burthen, while the long fleet advances steadily though slowly, and the irresistible engine works with smokeless funnels, but with groanings within, telling of tight-strained iron, and loud undertoned breaths of confined steam."〕〔(''Hearst's International, Volume 3'' ) (1902) by International Magazine Company. Retrieved 12 Mar 2014.〕 In Germany, such a boat was variously referred to as a ''Kettenschleppschiff'', ''Kettenschlepper'', ''Kettendampfer'' or ''Kettenschiff'' and in France as a ''toueur''.〔〔Roger Pilkington (1965). ''Small boat in Southern France'', Melbourne, Toronto, p. 33.〕
The chain was raised out of the water over a boom at the bow of the ship and led over the deck along the ship’s axis to the chain engine amidships. The transfer of power from the steam engine to the chain was usually achieved using a drum winch. From there the chain was led over the deck to another boom at the stern and lowered once more into the river. By moving the stern boom and the two rudders, front and aft, from side to side it was possible to replace the chain in the centre of the river again, even when negotiating river bends.〔
== History ==
Chain boat navigation revolutionised inland shipping during the Industrial Revolution in the second half of the 19th century in Europe and superseded the hitherto commonplace haulage of barges by draught animals or people. The chain drive of these riverboats made optimal use of still relatively low-powered steam engines of that period. In addition, the boats were especially well suited to the difficult condition of river navigation that pertained at that time: many rivers were shallow or fast-flowing and effectively precluded the use of paddle steamers. As a result chain boats were soon being used on many rivers across Europe. But by the first half of the 20th century they were increasingly threatened by competition from ever more powerful paddle steamers, something that was aided by the canalization of rivers.〔K. Dietze: ''Chain and Rope Towage on German Rivers.'' In: International marine engineering, Volume 16, New York 1911, pp. 433–439〕
The first designs and early technical stages in the development of chain boats took place in the mid-19th century, especially in France. The prototype of all later chain boats on the rivers Elbe, Neckar and Main was the French steamboat ''La Ville de Sens'', which was built by the German engineer, M Dietz, around 1850 in Bordeaux and plied the upper Seine between Paris and Montereau. Its technically very advanced operating principle and its engineering features were adopted by all the later European chain steamers.〔
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